chrome ore sintering process

It is shown that normal sintering process is suitable for agglomeration of chromite fines. And the sintering of chromite fines is characterized by wider combustion zone (75.00 mm), higher sintering temperature (1450 °C–1500 °C) and longer cooling time when compared with iron ores. Furthermore, the consolidation mechanism of chromite …

About 80% of world chrome ore reserves are found in South Africa, mainly in the Bushveld Igneous Complex. Chrome ores from six locations across the Bushveld Complex are used to investigate the effects of ore types on the smelting processes, such as the consumption of fluxes, reductant; and most importantly, the consumption of electricity. The selected …

Sintering is a process where a mixture of ore, flux and coke is agglomerated (agglomerated) in the sinter plant to produce suitable sintered products in terms of composition, quality and ...

The steel belt sintering-submerged arc furnace is more promising because of the lower energy consumption and higher productivity [7]. High quality researches have been carried out to improve the process of ferrochrome smelting [8]. The process mainly consists of three equipments, steel belt sintering, preheating shaft kiln and submerged …

The sintering characteristic of chromite fines was investigated through sintering pot test. Appropriate parameters were confirmed: moisture 8.0%, rate of coke breeze 7.0%, dosage of bentonite 2.0%, sintering suction 14 kPa. Good sintering indexes have been obtained, which meant that … See more

Chromite ore fines (0–25 mm) are commonly used to produce sintered pellets to use in ferrochrome production process. In the chrome ore pelletisation process …

Mathematical modelling of iron ore sintering process using genetic algorithm B. K. Giri and G. G. Roy* A mathematical model of the iron ore sintering process in a fixed sinter bed and optimisation of the process parameters using real valued genetic algorithm is described. The mathematical model is formulated based on mass and energy balances …

Accurate computational models of sintering behavior would assist to enhance sinter quality and are anticipated to play a role in yield prediction. Sintering is a vital process in the manufacturing of iron and steel. As a consequence, the primary objective of these models will be a thorough simulation of mass and heat transport during …

Chrome ore concentrate consists of high-temperature melting oxides such as Cr 2 O 3, MgO, and Al 2 O 3. The presence of these refractory constituents makes the ore a very high melting mineral. Hence, it is difficult to produce sinter from chrome ore by a pyrometallurgical route. Currently, chrome ore is ground to below 75 μm, pelletized, …

To produce desirable sinter products required by the blast furnace smelting process, sintering tests of ore mixtures made from a low grade South African chromite concentrate (Cr2O3/FeO = 1.99) and ...

The process of sintering is basically a pre-treatment process step during iron making for the production of the charge material called sinter for the blast furnace from iron ore fines and also from metallurgical wastes (collected dusts, sludge and mill scale etc.). The sintering technology was originally developed for the purpose of utilizing ...

Although chromite fines ore is cheap with higher Cr content, high ratio of the fines in the burden will lead to poor permeability and difficulties in operating electric …

Four primary processes are available for smelting chromite ore to produce ferrochrome. They are: Conventional smelting process, Outokumpu process, DC Arc route, and …

Samancor's operations are centred on reserves held in the Bushveld layered intrusive complex, which contains approximately 70% of the world's economic chrome ore reserves in the Lower Group (LG) 6 and Middle Group (MG) 1 seams. LG6 has a Cr2O3 content of 43-47% and a Cr:Fe ratio of 1.6:1, while MG1 averages 42% Cr2O3 and a …

Oxygen enrichment is believed to improve productivity and reduce fuel consumption, while gas fuel injection is assumed to improve the product yield and quality in iron ore sintering process. It is important to understand the mutual effect of oxygen enrichment and gas fuel injection for combined usage of these two techniques. A mathematical model is …

The sintering process is an intricate system with a protracted process flow. The steps in the manufacturing line are primarily composed of the ingredients and mixing process, the sintering operation process, and the treatment of the sintered ore [39, 40].2.2 Important parameters and characteristics of sintering process. As shown in Fig. …

The completion of the sintering process was determined by a decrease in the temperature of off-gases and an increase in gas permeability (drop of underpressure), as well as by a thermocouple in the sinter layer. ... S. I. Kuzmin, et al., "On the prospects of creating an efficient technology for pelletizing chrome ore raw materials of ...

The iron ore sintering process is the main source of VOCs emission in the iron and steel industry, and its VOCs emission accounts for about 69.6% . The organic compounds in the solid fuel and the oil components from the raw materials such as rolling oily sludge are pyrolyzed in the preheating layer (150–900 °C) to produce VOCs [ 9, 10 ].

The current study aims at investigation of the influence of coke breeze substitution with biomass charcoal in iron ore sintering process. The applied biomass is prepared by the pyrolysis of woody ...

Sintering Characteristics of Iron Ore vis-a`-vis Chrome Ore Parameter Iron Ore Chrome Ore Bed height (mm) 400 400 Suction (mmWG) 1100 1200 Maximum sintering temperature ( C) 1416 1611 Sintering time (min) 16 19.4 Tumbler index (pct) 62 (standard) 43 (extended) Granulometry (+10 mm) (pct) 60.4 56.2.

Sintering is a thermal agglomeration process that is applied to a mixture of iron ore fines, recycled ironmaking products, fluxes, slag-forming agents, and solid fuel (coke). The purpose of the sintering process is manufacturing a product with the suitable characteristics (thermal, mechanical, physical and chemical) to be fed to the blast furnace.

2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Experimental procedure. The weight ratio of all materials used under different stainless steel swarf consumption is displayed in Table 4.The pilot-scale sintering tests were carried out in a laboratory sintering pot as shown in Fig. 2.Firstly, preparing mixture: limonitic laterite, stainless steel swarf, return ore, anthracite, …

on the simulation of sintering behavior and models of the sintering process. Firstly, the major chemical reaction rates of the sintering process must be compiled in formula form by carefully examining the fundamental physical formulas used in the numerical model-ing of the sintering process and behavior. The second is to provide an …

Iron ore sintering entails high energy consumption and also produces significant pollution, responsible for the highest share of CO 2 emission, as well as SO 2 and NOx emissions, in the iron and steel production processes. 5 The SO 2 and NO X emissions from this process account for ∼70% and ∼40% of the total iron and steel …

The sintering process, depicted in Figure 1, involves the application of heat to fine iron ore particles, transforming them into coarser grains [16]. Firstly, various raw materials, including iron ...

In order to make better use of manganese fines as well as to save energy and cost in the industry, the sintering process of manganese ore is particularly important. In current study, three different Mn ores are selected to study the effect of ore proportion and basicity on the properties of sinters. Both small scale and pilot scale sintering ...

The present work proposes a novel process to sinter porous iron ore (porosity ~23–24%) with enhanced productivity and quality. The iron ore is pre-processed in the presence of calcined lime for the temporary closure of pores, which further prevents water absorption during the granulation process in drum in the presence of water. The …

Refractoriness of chrome minerals imposes challenges during chrome ore pelletization process. This study is conducted to find suitable additives to improve chrome ore pelletization and pellet properties. Two types of additives (carbonaceous heating additives and binding fluxes) have been explored to improve pellet induration in pre …

In this study, the effect of SiO2 content on iron ore sintering indexes was studied, with mineral composition and microstructure analyses. It was shown that the strength and reducibil-ity of sintering products improved when SiO2 content increased. The sinter yield and tumbler index increased from 69.57% and 58.67% to 74.02% and …

Applying hydrogen-rich energy such as natural gas to replace coal/coke in the steel industry can efficiently mitigate CO 2 emissions and accelerate the process of carbon neutrality. Gas injection sintering technology has been widely used in industry for more than ten years, but the replacement ratio of solid fuels by hydrogen-rich gas has …

The effect of chromite ore granulometry and sintering process parameters was evaluated to improve the metallurgical performance of pellets in a submerged arc …

The schematic of sintering in the pot sintering set up is given in Fig. 1. The 10 kg of sinter mix containing chromite ore fine, coke fine, and fluxes, were balled in a rotating drum (pelletizer) with the required quantity of water spray. The mixed mass gradually bonded to make balls (pellets) of average diameter 2–8 mm.

Sintering of a mixture of chromite ore fines and flux with the optimum composition at 1600°C was carried out in; (i) resistance furnace (100-g scale), without using carbon and …