change from surface to underground mining

This study investigates the transition from surface to underground mining at the Sepon Gold mine. The stability of surface slopes is assessed prior to commencing underground operations.

Although some surface mines now operate at depths in excess of 1 km, slope stability and other issues dictate a change to underground mining if the orebody continues in depth. For classical underground mining, that is, where miners extract ore via shafts, tunnels, and various mining methods, the depth to which the mine can be …

The cycle of operations in surface. and underground mining are quite similar. The diffe rences result from the size of equipment. In surface mining the equipment scale is larger than that of ...

Surface Mining vs. Underground Mining: A Comparative Analysis. Surface mining, as the name suggests, involves the extraction of mineral deposits from the Earth's surface. This method is typically employed when deposits are close to the surface and can be easily accessed. It often involves the use of heavy machinery, such as …

Subsidence of the earth's surface induced by mining activities has always been a critical concern in the relevant research fields. This subsidence disrupts the original geological structures and can lead to secondary geological hazards, environmental degradation, and threats to human lives and property. An in-depth investigation of this …

Longwall mining in coal seams is an underground mining technique where a tabular block (longwall panel) of coal with a typical length of 1.5–3 km, typical width of 250–300 m and typical height of 3–4.5 m is extracted. Two pairs of roadways are first driven around the outside of the panel within the coal seam for access.

Underground mining of minerals is accompanied by a change in the rock mass geomechanical situation. This leads to the redistribution of stresses in it and the occurrence of unexpected ...

Development of such deposits often starts by adopting a surface mining method and then changing to an appropriate underground method when the mining depth reaches a …

Surface subsidence is a common issue that can occur during underground coal mining 21 – 24. There are several measures that can be taken to eliminate or reduce surface subsidence. The process of backfilling and grouting can help to eliminate or reduce surface subsidence by filling the cavities created by underground mining activities 25, …

Understanding the current tools and methodologies used in the mining industry for surface and underground mining options and transitions planning are essential to dealing with complex and...

The occurrence of the surface movement is the main focus of the study regarding to the gold & copper underground block caving mining in Papua, Indonesia. The underground mining has brought some ...

Guidelines. GMG guidelines are peer-reviewed, non-prescriptive documents that offer best practices, guide on the implementation and adoption of new technologies, or develop industry alignment. They are the product of industry-wide collaboration based on experience and lessons learned. The guidance aims to help identify key considerations, good ...

Understanding the current tools and methodologies used in the mining industry for surface and underground mining options and transitions planning are essential to dealing with complex and deep …

For the underground reservoir and abandoned flooded mine, the research mainly involves the influence of water level change in goafs and the WRI on surrounding rock stability, surface deformation, and pore change in the caving zone. Laboratory tests mainly involve three types of WRI: intact rock mass, fractured rock mass, and broken …

Climate change is exacerbating many of the risks that mines already face in their daily operations, and needs to be factored into planning decisions right from the pre-feasibility stage of projects. Water management, for example, is becoming more complex as rainfall patterns in many areas start to change in frequency and intensity, according to ...

Understanding the Contrast between Surface Mining and Underground Mining. February 19, 2024. In the world of mining, two primary methodologies reign …

Underground mining design includes a 62° ore body dip, a 50 m thick crown pillar to prevent surface subsidence, and 5 m wide, 5 m high stopes. Sill pillars are left for support after each level ...

In surface mining, the ore is accessed directly from the Earth's surface, and contact is maintained with the surface throughout the operation. Underground or subsurface mining is accomplished with the help of tunnels going into the Earth, and does not occur on the surface. Working Principle. In surface mining, the topsoil and bedrock is ...

Underground mining of minerals is accompanied by a change in the rock mass geomechanical situation. This leads to the redistribution of stresses in it and the occurrence of unexpected displacements and deformations of the earth's surface. A significant part of the civil and industrial infrastructure facilities are located within the …

The change in mining methods sometimes unavoidable when the criteria are met. One of the criteria is geotechnical aspects. This study was conducted through a case study in PT Cibaliung Sumberdaya. This study investigates geotechnical criteria that should be followed to transform an underground operation to surface operations.

Abstract. Subsidence and hydrology impacts occur at every underground mining operation bringing about changes to surface landforms, ground water and surface water. Although the same impacts to ...

A rapid increase in underground mining in a semi-arid area of China has led to serious concerns about the health of vegetation overlying these coal seams. However, there have been no empirical …

Underground hard-rock mining accounts for 40 percent of global mining operations but only 12 percent of run-of-mine (ROM) production. 1 Underground mines also tend to be more targeted, more …

EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN SELECTING SURFACE OR UNDERGROUND Before beginning a detailed economic analysis of the factors which enter into deciding whether to mine by open-pit or underground mining, and …

Large scale underground mining of coal resources in China using longwall mining has resulted in ecological and environment problems, including surface subsidence that is considered serious due to competing interests of prime agricultural lands, food security, and regional economic development. The subsided lands must be rehabilitated …

M. Albert Evans Raja Venkat Ramani. Coal mining, extraction of coal deposits from the surface of Earth from underground. Coal has been used since the Bronze Age, 3,000 to 4,000 years ago, and was the basic energy source that fueled the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.

4.3.2: Underground Mining Methods. Underground mining methods become necessary when the stripping ratio becomes uneconomical, or occasionally when the surface use of the land would prohibit surface mining. Underground methods are traditionally broken into three classes: unsupported, supported, and caving methods.

EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN SELECTING SURFACE OR UNDERGROUND Before beginning a detailed economic analysis of the factors which enter into deciding whether to mine by open-pit or underground mining, and what point a change should be made from open-pit to underground mining, it is necessary to consider some general factors [2].

Exploitation of the dome started in 1956, currently rock salt extraction is carried out in 7 mining fields and the 12 mining levels at the depth from 322 to 625 meters below sea level (m.b.s.l.).

Five ecoregions used as a basis for regional comparisons of topographic change. Specifically, the cumulative effects of surface mining were compared across the following ecoregions: Central Basin and Range, Wyoming Basin, Northwestern Great Plains, Northern Lakes and Forests, and Central Appalachians. These five ecoregions …

For coal exploitation, underground mining is widely applied, during which a large amount of disasters are likely to occur and cause great losses compared with surface mining. Coalbed methane (CBM) refers to the emitted methane in the underground-mining process, either from coal seam being mined or from other methane-containing …

Under similar conditions, surface mining is generally regarded to be more advantageous than underground mining. In the selection between surface and underground exploitation methods, there are a ...

Diamond driller - A person who operates a diamond drill. Dilution (mining) - Rock that is, by necessity, removed along with the ore in the mining process, subsequently lowering the grade of the ore. Dilution (of shares) - A decrease in the value of a company's shares caused by the issue of treasury shares.

Underground coal mining often causes subsidence, goaf landslides, fissures, and even hazard chains, seriously damaging the ecological environment. To address the ecological vulnerability of mining areas is key to exploring the development characteristics and failure mechanisms of surface multi-hazards. Taking the …